Cell Energetics Study Guide

cellular Energetics Study Guide 1. Overall metamorphosis a. Oxidation a tinge losses hydrogen, cipher is RELEASED b. Reduction a molecule GAINS hydrogen, energy is GAINED and stored (the more minify a molecule is, the more energy is stored in its COVALENT BONDS) *** Al modes occur in a coupled pair (RED-OX)*** c. electron Carriers i. Oxidizing Agents argon mortifyD to OXIDIZE some other molecule 1. nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide+ oxidizes glucose to 2 pyruvate in glycolysis, oxidizes pyruvate to coke dioxide in the Krebs cps (gets trim back to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotideH) 2.nicotinamide adenine dinucleotideP+- oxidizes urine to O2 during the lightly reliant receptions of photosynthesis, final electron acceptor from chlorophyll (PSI) (gets diluted to NADPH) 3. furor+- oxidizes NADH to NAD during glycolysis and transported to the mitochondrion (gets reduced to FADHs) ii. Reducing Agents argon OXIDIZED to REDUCE another molecule 4. NADH- reduces 2 pyruvate to 2 lactic sulphurous in fermentation, reduces O2 during the respiratory chemical chain (gets oxidate to NAD) *CANNOT pass done the mitochondrion* 5.NADPH- reduces CO2 to form carbohydrates (Calvin daily round) in the Dark receptions of photosynthesis (gets oxidized to NADP) 6. FADH2- reduces O2 during the respiratory chain (gets oxidized to FAD) *CAN pass finished with(predicate) the mitochondrion* 2. Phosphorylation Formation of adenosine triphosphate (ADP + P adenosine triphosphate) d. Substrate-level direct enzymatic transfer of a phosphate to ADP * Only occurs during glycolysis when O2 is not needed to function * Only a small amount of adenosine triphosphate is pass waterd this way e. negatron Transfer /Chemiosmosis the movement of protons (H+) down a concentration gradient through adenosine triphosphate synthase that can HARNESS THE ENERGY OF THAT gradient (proton-motive force) to bond ADP and phosphate to bring about ATP through oxidative phosphorylation * Occurs during the Light Dependent Reaction * 90% of ATP is produced this way 3. Photosynthesis f. Balanced Net Reaction light 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 g. Light Dependent Reaction occurs on the thylakoid lumen iii. Photolysis oxidation of H2O to release electrons use to return PSII to shew state iv.NADP Reduction NADP receives an electron from PSI as it passes through electron transfer chains, reducing it to NADPH+. Electrons argon passed from crazy atoms that gain energy from a photon. v. ATP Synthesis ATP is produced by chemiosmotic phosphorylation. Proton gradient (within the thylakoid interior) is made as electrons from photosystems are passed through proton pumps. h. Light In babelike Reaction occurs in the stroma vi. CO2 fixation RuBP + CO2 2 PGA (a form that can be good reduced).The reaction is catalyzed by RUBISCO. 7. In the comportment of oxygen, RuBP + O2 Bad Sugar process is called photorespiration. Plants inhibit this by keeping a luxuriously concentration of CO2. L and plants must via media opening the stroma to maintain high CO2 concentration with loss of H2O. There are 2 additional adaptations that evolved a. C-4 driveway governance of oxalacetate (C-4) from CO2 + PEP (C-3). Occurs in outer cells (mesophyll). Calvin cycle occurs in familiar cells further (closer to supply of CO2, bundle shell). b.CAM Pathway like C-4, scarcely fixation only occurs at night, when water loss is minimal. constitute in desert plants, like cacti. vii. Calvin hertz 8. PGA is reduced to PGAL using the products of the light dependent reaction, NADPH (oxidized) and ATP (provides energy) 9. One-sixth of the PGAL produced is used to shape glucose for the cell to grow and repair. 10. Five-sixths of the PGAL is used to produce RuBP, completing the cycle (energy requiring). 4. Cellular internal respiration i. Balanced Net Reaction C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O j.Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm. All organisms carry out this process. viii. Glucose is triple p hosphorylated by 2 ATP and humbled up into two three degree centigrade phosphorylated molecules called PGAL ix. Each PGAL is phosphorylated by a part with phosphate and ADP to form Biphosphoglycerate (BPG) bandage NAD is reduced to NADH. x. Each BPG netherworld in Substrate Level Phosphorylation of two ADPs to form 2 ATPs. Water is released. The remaining 3 carbon molecule is pyruvate. k. Fermentation when pyruvate is used to oxidize NADH to replenish NAD+.Only produces 2 ATP per glucose through glycolysis. Some organisms (anaerobic) do it exclusively. Occurs regularly in all cells, but products can build up when NAD supplied through drop-off of pyruvate is not available. 2 Forms xi. Alcoholic produces ethanol and CO2 from reduction of pyruvate. xii. Lactic demigod produces lactic acid from the reduction of pyruvate. l. Krebs turn NAD required to begin. Takes place in the intercellular substance of the mitochondria or in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes. xiii. Pyruvate is oxi dized to Acetyl CoA, Reduced by _______, Releases 1 NADH. iv. Acetyl CoA is added to Oxaloacetate to form citrate. xv. Citrate is broken down releasing 2 H2O and is oxidized 4x by NAD+ thrice and once by FAD+. One Substrate Level phosphorylation occurs producing ATP. Oxaloacetate is the product and continues the cycle by organism added to the next available acetyl CoA. m. Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation takes place on the cristae (inner mitochondrial) membrane. xvi. NADH and FADH2, products of Glycolysis and Krebs are oxidized by Q (molecule introduce in the membrane).Electrons are passed to cytochrome and protons are handle into the proton pumps. xvii. The protons diffuse back through ATP synthase in a process called chemiosmosis. The energy harnessed allows an oxidative phosphorylation of ATP. (3 for each NADH, 2 for each FADH2) xviii. Free protons in the intercellular substance and the electrons accepted by E. T. C are passed to O2, which is reduced to water. Stomata Allows gas exchange since a lot of water can be lost, plants only open stomata for photosynthesis in mean solar twenty-four hour periodlight at night they close to reduce loss of water. **CAM plants keep their stomates closed during day and open at night*** Mesophyll C-3 Plants Calvin round of drinks during day C-4 Plants CO2 combines with 3 carbon molecule PEP to form C-4 acid CAM Plants stores CO2 in organic compounds that are synthesized at night Bundle sheath C-4 Plants Calvin Cycle during day CAM Plants Calvin Cycle during day Thylakoid lumen Light dependent reactions Stroma Calvin Cycle/Light independent reactions Inner membrane E. T. C. Cytoplasm Glycolysis & Fermentaion Matrix Krebs Cycle Diagrams (know following structures and what takes place there)